Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia

Mulugeta Genanu; Tena Alamirew; Gabriel Senay; Mekonnen Gebremichael

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia

Mulugeta Genanu, Tena Alamirew, Gabriel Senay, Mekonnen Gebremichael

Published in International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks (Volume 5, Issue 1)

Received: 27 November 2016 Accepted: 10 December 2016 Published: 22 March 2017

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Remote sensing datasets are increasingly being used to provide spatially explicit large scale evapotranspiration (ET) estimates. The focus of this study was to estimate and thematically map on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) of the Wonji Shoa Sugarcane Estate using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) algorithms. The results obtained revealed that the ranges of the daily ETa estimated on January 25, February 26, September 06 and October 08, 2002 using SEBAL were 0.0 - 6.85, 0.0 – 9.36, 0.0 – 3.61, 0.0 – 6.83 mm/day; using SSEB 0.0 - 6.78, 0.0 – 7.81, 0.0 – 3.65, 0.0 – 6.46 mm/day, and SSEBop were 0.05 - 8.25, 0.0 – 8.82, 0.2 – 4.0, 0.0 – 7.40 mm/day, respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values between SSEB and SEBAL, SSEBop and SEBAL, and SSEB and SSEBop were 0.548, 0.548, and 0.99 for January 25, 2002; 0.739, 0.753, and 0.994 for February 26, 2002;0.847, 0.846, and 0.999 for September 06, 2002; 0.573, 0.573, and 1.00 for October 08, 2002, respectively. The standard deviation of ET_a over the sugarcane estate showed high spatio-temporal variability perhaps due to soil moisture variability and surface cover. The three algorithm results showed that well watered sugarcane fields in the mid-season growing stage of the crop had higher ET_a values compared with the other dry agricultural fields confirming that they consumptively use more water. Generally during the dry season, ET_a is limited to water surplus areas only and in wet season, ET_a was high throughout the entire sugarcane estate. The evaporation fraction (ETrF) results also followed the same pattern as the daily ET_a over the sugarcane estate. The total crop and irrigation water requirement and effective rainfall estimated using the Cropwat model were 2468.8, 2061.6 and 423.8 mm/yr for January 2001 planted and 2281.9, 1851.0 and 437.8 mm/yr for March 2001 planted sugarcanes, respectively. The mean annual ET_a estimated for the whole estate were 107 Mm³, 140 Mm³, and 178 Mm³ using SEBAL, SSEB, and SSEBop, respectively. Even though the algorithms should be validated through field observation, they have potential to be used for effective estimation of ET in the sugarcane estate.

Published in	International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks (Volume 5, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11
Page(s)	1-13
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

ET, CWR, Landsat ETM+, Remote Sensing, SEBAL, SSEB, SSEBop

References

[1]	H. Hemakumara, L. Chandrapala, and F. Moene, "Evapotranspiration fluxes over mixed vegetation areas measured from large aperture scintillometer," Journal of Agricultural Water Management, Vol.58, pp. 109-122, 2003.
[2]	J. Burdette, N. Christopher, and D. Heeren," Evaluation of a hybrid remote sensing evapotranspiration model for variable rate irrigation management," Biological Systems Engineering: Papers and Publications. Paper 380, 2015.
[3]	M. Tasumi, and R. Allen, "Satellite-based ET mapping to assess variation in ET with timing of crop development," Journal of Agricultural Water Managent,Vol.8, pp. 54-62, 2007.
[4]	W. Bastiaanssen, E. Noordman, H. Pelgrum, G. Davids, B. Thoreson, R. Allen, "SEBAL model with remotely sensed data to improve waterresources management under actual field conditions," Journal of Irrig. Drain. Eng. 131, 85–93, 2005.
[5]	Y. Chen, J. Xia, S. Liang, J. Feng, J. Fisher, L. Xin, X. Li, S. Liu, Z. Mad, A. Miyata, Q. Mu, L. Sun, J. Tang, K. Wang, J. Wen, Y. Xue, G. Yu, T. Zha, L. Zhang, Q. Zhang, T. Zhao, L. Zhao, and W. Yuan, "Comparison of satellite based evapotranspiration models over terrestrial ecosystems in China," Remote Sensing of Environment, 140, 279-293, 2014.
[6]	S. Vanino, G. Pulighe, P. Nino, C. Michele, S. Falanga and G. D’Urso, "Estimation of evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of Tendone Vineyards using multi-sensor remote sensing data in a Mediterranean environment," Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 7, pp. 14708-14730, 2015.
[7]	H. Nouri, S. Beecham, F. Kazemi, A. Hassanli, and S. Anderson," Remote sensing techniques for predicting evapotranspiration from mixed vegetated surfaces," Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 10, 3897–3925, 2013.
[8]	G. Melaku, "The impact of snail control on the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis mansoni in Finchaa and Wonjishoa sugar estates: Post-pilot control analysis," MSc thesis, Addis Ababa University, pp.1-74, 2009.
[9]	M. Girma, and B. Awulachew, "Irrigation Practices in Ethiopia: Characteristics of Selected Irrigation Schemes," Working Paper Vol.124, pp. 1-84, 2007.
[10]	B. Shimelis, "Stream flow simulation for the upper upper Awash basin," MSc. thesis, Addis Ababa university, pp. 7, 2004.
[11]	R. Allen, M. Tasumi, R. Trezza, R. Waters, W. Bastiaanssen, "Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land: Idaho Implementation," Advanced Training and Users Manual, 7-39, 2002.
[12]	C. Coll, J. M. Galve, J. M. Sánchez, and V. Caselles, “Validation of Landsat-7/ETM+ Thermal-Band Calibration and Atmospheric Correction with Ground-Based Measurements”, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 547–555, 2010.
[13]	Sobrino, J. A., Raissouni, N., & Li, Z. -L. (2001). A comparative study of land surface emissivity retrieval from NOAA data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 75, 256–266.
[14]	W. Bastiaanssen, M. Ud-din-Ahmed, and Y. Chemin, "Satellite surveillance of evaporative depletion across the Indus Basin," Journal of Water Resources,vol. 38 (12), pp. 1273–1282, 2002.
[15]	W. Bastiaanssen, "SEBAL-based sensible and latent heat fluxes in the irrigated Gediz Basin, Turkey," Journal of Hydrology, vol. 229, pp. 87–100, 2000.
[16]	G. Senay, M. Budde, J. Verdin, "Enhancing the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating landscape ET: Validation with the METRIC model," Agricultural Water Management, vol. 98, pp. 606–618, 2011.
[17]	R. Allen, L. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith, "Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements in United Nations FAO, Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Rome, Italy,", 1998.
[18]	G. Senay, S. Bohms, R. Singh, P. Gowda, N. Velpuri, H. Alemu and J. Verdin, "Operational evapotranspiration mapping using remote sensing and weather datasets: a new parameterization for the SSEB approach," Journal of American Water Resources Research, In Press, 2013.
[19]	W. Bastiaanssen, M. Menenti, M. Feddes, and R. Holtslag, "A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): formulation," Journal of Hydrology, vol. 212(213), pp. 213-229, 1998.
[20]	R. Allen, M. Tasurmi, A. Morse, and R. Trezza, "A Landsat-based Energy Balance and Evapotranspiration Model in Western US Water Rights Regulation and Planning," Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, vol. 19 (3-4), pp. 251-268, 2005.
[21]	H. Nouri, E. Glenn, S. Beecham, S. Chavoshi, P. Sutton, S. Alaghmand, B. Noori, and P. Nagler," comparing three approaches of evapotranspiration estimation in mixed urban vegetation: field-based, remote sensing-based and observational-based methods," Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 8, 492, 2016.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mulugeta Genanu, Tena Alamirew, Gabriel Senay, Mekonnen Gebremichael. (2017). Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia. International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks, 5(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mulugeta Genanu; Tena Alamirew; Gabriel Senay; Mekonnen Gebremichael. Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia. Int. J. Sens. Sens. Netw. 2017, 5(1), 1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mulugeta Genanu, Tena Alamirew, Gabriel Senay, Mekonnen Gebremichael. Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia. Int J Sens Sens Netw. 2017;5(1):1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11,
  author = {Mulugeta Genanu and Tena Alamirew and Gabriel Senay and Mekonnen Gebremichael},
  title = {Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia},
  journal = {International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-13},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssn.20170501.11},
  abstract = {Remote sensing datasets are increasingly being used to provide spatially explicit large scale evapotranspiration (ET) estimates. The focus of this study was to estimate and thematically map on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of the Wonji Shoa Sugarcane Estate using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) algorithms. The results obtained revealed that the ranges of the daily ETa estimated on January 25, February 26, September 06 and October 08, 2002 using SEBAL were 0.0 - 6.85, 0.0 – 9.36, 0.0 – 3.61, 0.0 – 6.83 mm/day; using SSEB 0.0 - 6.78, 0.0 – 7.81, 0.0 – 3.65, 0.0 – 6.46 mm/day, and SSEBop were 0.05 - 8.25, 0.0 – 8.82, 0.2 – 4.0, 0.0 – 7.40 mm/day, respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values between SSEB and SEBAL, SSEBop and SEBAL, and SSEB and SSEBop were 0.548, 0.548, and 0.99 for January 25, 2002; 0.739, 0.753, and 0.994 for February 26, 2002;0.847, 0.846, and 0.999 for September 06, 2002; 0.573, 0.573, and 1.00 for October 08, 2002, respectively. The standard deviation of ETa over the sugarcane estate showed high spatio-temporal variability perhaps due to soil moisture variability and surface cover. The three algorithm results showed that well watered sugarcane fields in the mid-season growing stage of the crop had higher ETa values compared with the other dry agricultural fields confirming that they consumptively use more water. Generally during the dry season, ETa is limited to water surplus areas only and in wet season, ETa was high throughout the entire sugarcane estate. The evaporation fraction (ETrF) results also followed the same pattern as the daily ETa over the sugarcane estate. The total crop and irrigation water requirement and effective rainfall estimated using the Cropwat model were 2468.8, 2061.6 and 423.8 mm/yr for January 2001 planted and 2281.9, 1851.0 and 437.8 mm/yr for March 2001 planted sugarcanes, respectively. The mean annual ETa estimated for the whole estate were 107 Mm3, 140 Mm3, and 178 Mm3 using SEBAL, SSEB, and SSEBop, respectively. Even though the algorithms should be validated through field observation, they have potential to be used for effective estimation of ET in the sugarcane estate.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia
AU  - Mulugeta Genanu
AU  - Tena Alamirew
AU  - Gabriel Senay
AU  - Mekonnen Gebremichael
Y1  - 2017/03/22
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11
T2  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JF  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JO  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
SP  - 1
EP  - 13
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1788
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11
AB  - Remote sensing datasets are increasingly being used to provide spatially explicit large scale evapotranspiration (ET) estimates. The focus of this study was to estimate and thematically map on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of the Wonji Shoa Sugarcane Estate using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) algorithms. The results obtained revealed that the ranges of the daily ETa estimated on January 25, February 26, September 06 and October 08, 2002 using SEBAL were 0.0 - 6.85, 0.0 – 9.36, 0.0 – 3.61, 0.0 – 6.83 mm/day; using SSEB 0.0 - 6.78, 0.0 – 7.81, 0.0 – 3.65, 0.0 – 6.46 mm/day, and SSEBop were 0.05 - 8.25, 0.0 – 8.82, 0.2 – 4.0, 0.0 – 7.40 mm/day, respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values between SSEB and SEBAL, SSEBop and SEBAL, and SSEB and SSEBop were 0.548, 0.548, and 0.99 for January 25, 2002; 0.739, 0.753, and 0.994 for February 26, 2002;0.847, 0.846, and 0.999 for September 06, 2002; 0.573, 0.573, and 1.00 for October 08, 2002, respectively. The standard deviation of ETa over the sugarcane estate showed high spatio-temporal variability perhaps due to soil moisture variability and surface cover. The three algorithm results showed that well watered sugarcane fields in the mid-season growing stage of the crop had higher ETa values compared with the other dry agricultural fields confirming that they consumptively use more water. Generally during the dry season, ETa is limited to water surplus areas only and in wet season, ETa was high throughout the entire sugarcane estate. The evaporation fraction (ETrF) results also followed the same pattern as the daily ETa over the sugarcane estate. The total crop and irrigation water requirement and effective rainfall estimated using the Cropwat model were 2468.8, 2061.6 and 423.8 mm/yr for January 2001 planted and 2281.9, 1851.0 and 437.8 mm/yr for March 2001 planted sugarcanes, respectively. The mean annual ETa estimated for the whole estate were 107 Mm3, 140 Mm3, and 178 Mm3 using SEBAL, SSEB, and SSEBop, respectively. Even though the algorithms should be validated through field observation, they have potential to be used for effective estimation of ET in the sugarcane estate.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Mulugeta Genanu

College of Natural Sciences Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Tena Alamirew

Water and Land Resource Centre, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Gabriel Senay

USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
Mekonnen Gebremichael

Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mulugeta Genanu, Tena Alamirew, Gabriel Senay, Mekonnen Gebremichael. (2017). Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia. International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks, 5(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mulugeta Genanu; Tena Alamirew; Gabriel Senay; Mekonnen Gebremichael. Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia. Int. J. Sens. Sens. Netw. 2017, 5(1), 1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mulugeta Genanu, Tena Alamirew, Gabriel Senay, Mekonnen Gebremichael. Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia. Int J Sens Sens Netw. 2017;5(1):1-13. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11,
  author = {Mulugeta Genanu and Tena Alamirew and Gabriel Senay and Mekonnen Gebremichael},
  title = {Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia},
  journal = {International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-13},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssn.20170501.11},
  abstract = {Remote sensing datasets are increasingly being used to provide spatially explicit large scale evapotranspiration (ET) estimates. The focus of this study was to estimate and thematically map on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of the Wonji Shoa Sugarcane Estate using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) algorithms. The results obtained revealed that the ranges of the daily ETa estimated on January 25, February 26, September 06 and October 08, 2002 using SEBAL were 0.0 - 6.85, 0.0 – 9.36, 0.0 – 3.61, 0.0 – 6.83 mm/day; using SSEB 0.0 - 6.78, 0.0 – 7.81, 0.0 – 3.65, 0.0 – 6.46 mm/day, and SSEBop were 0.05 - 8.25, 0.0 – 8.82, 0.2 – 4.0, 0.0 – 7.40 mm/day, respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values between SSEB and SEBAL, SSEBop and SEBAL, and SSEB and SSEBop were 0.548, 0.548, and 0.99 for January 25, 2002; 0.739, 0.753, and 0.994 for February 26, 2002;0.847, 0.846, and 0.999 for September 06, 2002; 0.573, 0.573, and 1.00 for October 08, 2002, respectively. The standard deviation of ETa over the sugarcane estate showed high spatio-temporal variability perhaps due to soil moisture variability and surface cover. The three algorithm results showed that well watered sugarcane fields in the mid-season growing stage of the crop had higher ETa values compared with the other dry agricultural fields confirming that they consumptively use more water. Generally during the dry season, ETa is limited to water surplus areas only and in wet season, ETa was high throughout the entire sugarcane estate. The evaporation fraction (ETrF) results also followed the same pattern as the daily ETa over the sugarcane estate. The total crop and irrigation water requirement and effective rainfall estimated using the Cropwat model were 2468.8, 2061.6 and 423.8 mm/yr for January 2001 planted and 2281.9, 1851.0 and 437.8 mm/yr for March 2001 planted sugarcanes, respectively. The mean annual ETa estimated for the whole estate were 107 Mm3, 140 Mm3, and 178 Mm3 using SEBAL, SSEB, and SSEBop, respectively. Even though the algorithms should be validated through field observation, they have potential to be used for effective estimation of ET in the sugarcane estate.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Remote Sensing Based Estimation of Evapo-Transpiration Using Selected Algorithms: The Case of Wonji Shoa Sugar Cane Estate, Ethiopia
AU  - Mulugeta Genanu
AU  - Tena Alamirew
AU  - Gabriel Senay
AU  - Mekonnen Gebremichael
Y1  - 2017/03/22
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11
T2  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JF  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JO  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
SP  - 1
EP  - 13
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1788
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20170501.11
AB  - Remote sensing datasets are increasingly being used to provide spatially explicit large scale evapotranspiration (ET) estimates. The focus of this study was to estimate and thematically map on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of the Wonji Shoa Sugarcane Estate using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) algorithms. The results obtained revealed that the ranges of the daily ETa estimated on January 25, February 26, September 06 and October 08, 2002 using SEBAL were 0.0 - 6.85, 0.0 – 9.36, 0.0 – 3.61, 0.0 – 6.83 mm/day; using SSEB 0.0 - 6.78, 0.0 – 7.81, 0.0 – 3.65, 0.0 – 6.46 mm/day, and SSEBop were 0.05 - 8.25, 0.0 – 8.82, 0.2 – 4.0, 0.0 – 7.40 mm/day, respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values between SSEB and SEBAL, SSEBop and SEBAL, and SSEB and SSEBop were 0.548, 0.548, and 0.99 for January 25, 2002; 0.739, 0.753, and 0.994 for February 26, 2002;0.847, 0.846, and 0.999 for September 06, 2002; 0.573, 0.573, and 1.00 for October 08, 2002, respectively. The standard deviation of ETa over the sugarcane estate showed high spatio-temporal variability perhaps due to soil moisture variability and surface cover. The three algorithm results showed that well watered sugarcane fields in the mid-season growing stage of the crop had higher ETa values compared with the other dry agricultural fields confirming that they consumptively use more water. Generally during the dry season, ETa is limited to water surplus areas only and in wet season, ETa was high throughout the entire sugarcane estate. The evaporation fraction (ETrF) results also followed the same pattern as the daily ETa over the sugarcane estate. The total crop and irrigation water requirement and effective rainfall estimated using the Cropwat model were 2468.8, 2061.6 and 423.8 mm/yr for January 2001 planted and 2281.9, 1851.0 and 437.8 mm/yr for March 2001 planted sugarcanes, respectively. The mean annual ETa estimated for the whole estate were 107 Mm3, 140 Mm3, and 178 Mm3 using SEBAL, SSEB, and SSEBop, respectively. Even though the algorithms should be validated through field observation, they have potential to be used for effective estimation of ET in the sugarcane estate.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download